Chapter 1 – Introduction to Computers, the Internet, and the Web
1.1 Introduction
1.2 What Is a Computer?
1.3 Computer Organization
1.4 Evolution of Operating Systems
1.5 Personal, Distributed and Client/Server Computing
1.6 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages and High-Level Languages
1.7 History of C++
1.8 History of Java
1.9 Java Class Libraries
1.10 Other High-Level Languages
1.11 Structured Programming
1.12 The Internet and the World Wide Web
1.13 Basics of a Typical Java Environment
1.14 General Notes about Java and This Book
1.15 Thinking About Objects: Introduction to Object Technology and the Unified Modeling Language
1.16 Discovering Design Patterns: Introduction
1.17 Tour of the Book
1.18 (Optional) A Tour of the Case Study on Object-Oriented Design with the UML1.19 (Optional) A Tour of the “Discovering Design Patterns” Sections
1.2 What Is a Computer?
Computer.........
Performs computations and makes logical decisions
Millions / billions times faster than human beings
Computer programs............
Sets of instructions for which computer processes data
Hardware.........
Physical devices of computer system
Software..........
Programs that run on computers
1.3 Computer Organization
Six logical units of computer system........
(Input unit)
Mouse, keyboard
(Output unit)
Printer, monitor, audio speakers
(Memory unit)
RAM
(Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU))
Performs calculations
(Central processing unit (CPU))
Supervises operation of other devices
(Secondary storage unit)
Hard drives, floppy drives
1.4 Evolution of Operating Systems
Batch processing.........
One job (task) at a time
Operating systems developed...........
Programs to make computers more convenient to use
Switch jobs easier
Multiprogramming............
“Simultaneous” jobs
Timesharing operating systems
1.5 Personal, Distributed and Client/Server Computing
Personal computing........
Computers for personal use
Distributed computing........
Computing performed among several computers
Client/server computing............
Servers offer common store of programs and data
Clients access programs and data from server
1.6 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages and High-Level Languages
Machine language.........
“Natural language” of computer component
Machine dependent
Assembly language..........
English-like abbreviations represent computer operations
Translator programs convert to machine language
High-level language..........
Allows for writing more “English-like” instructions
Contains commonly used mathematical operations
Compiler convert to machine language
Interpreter............
Execute high-level language programs without compilation
1.7 History of C++
C++..........
Evolved from C
Evolved from BCPL and B
Provides object-oriented programming capabilities
Objects..........
Reusable software components that model real-world items
1.8 History of Java
Java...................
Originally for intelligent consumer-electronic devices
Then used for creating Web pages with dynamic content
Now also used for:
Develop large-scale enterprise applications
Enhance WWW server functionality
Provide applications for consumer devices (cell phones, etc.)
1.9 Java Class Libraries
Classes..........
Contain methods that perform tasks
Return information after task completion
Used to build Java programs
Java contains class libraries..........
Known as Java APIs (Application Programming Interfaces)
1.10 Other High-Level Languages
Fortran......
FORmula TRANslator
COBOL........
COmmon Business Oriented Language
Pascal.......
Basic........
1.11 Structured Programming
Structured Programming.........
Structured programs
Clearer than unstructured programs
Easier to test, debug and modify
Pascal designed for teaching structured programming
ADA
Multitasking
C
1.12 The Internet and the World Wide Web
Internet.............
Developed over three decades ago with DOD funding
Originally for connecting few main computer systems
Now accessible by hundreds of millions of computers
World Wide Web (WWW)...........
Allows for locating/viewing multimedia-based documents
1.13 Basics of a Typical Java Environment
Java systems contain.........
Environment
Language
APIs
Class libraries
1.14 General Notes about Java and This Book
Geared for novice programmers......
We stress clarity.........
1.15 Thinking About Objects: Introduction to Object Technology and the Unified Modeling Language
Object orientation.........
Unified Modeling Language (UML).........
Graphical language that uses common notation
Allows developers to represent object-oriented designs
1.15 Thinking About Objects (cont.)
History of the UML..........
Need developed for process with which to approach OOAD
Brainchild of Booch, Rumbaugh and Jacobson
Object Management Group (OMG) supervised
Version 1.4 is current version
Version 2.0 scheduled tentatively for release in 2002
1.16 Discovering Design Patterns: Introduction
Effective design crucial for large programs..........
Design patterns.............
Proven architectures for developing object-oriented software
Architectures created from accumulated industry experience
Reduce design-process complexity
Promotes design reuse in future systems
Helps identify common design mistakes and pitfalls
Helps design independently of implementation language
Establishes common design “vocabulary”
Shortens design phase in software-development process
1.16 Discovering Design Patterns (cont.)
History of Design Patterns...........
Gamma, Helm, Johnson and Vlissides
“Gang of Four”
Design Patterns, Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software (Addison Wesley: 1995)
Established 23 design patterns
Creational
Instantiate objects
Structural
Organize classes and objects
Behavioral
Assign responsibilities to objects
This is end of chapter 1
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